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MiCA
Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation — the EU framework governing crypto-asset service providers across the EEA.
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CASP
Crypto-Asset Service Provider — a firm authorised under MiCA to provide crypto-asset services such as custody, exchange or trading.
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VASP
Virtual Asset Service Provider — a term used in earlier national AML registration regimes. EU grandfathering under MiCA ended no later than 1 July 2026; legacy registration alone no longer provides transitional permission to operate.
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Passporting
The right of an authorised CASP to offer services across all EU/EEA member states under a single licence.
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Own funds
Qualifying regulatory equity calculated under MiCA Article 67(4)(a), after the required deductions. Own funds are one permitted form of prudential safeguard. The required safeguards equal the higher of the applicable €50,000, €125,000 or €150,000 Annex IV minimum and one quarter of annual fixed overheads; new providers use projected first-year overheads. Compliant insurance or a comparable guarantee, or a combination with own funds, may also satisfy Article 67.