Cryptocurrency in Europe

The use of cryptocurrency in the European Union (EU) demonstrates a unique combination of regulatory rigour and innovation, seeking to ensure transaction security and investor protection while promoting the development of blockchain technology. Cryptocurrency regulation in the EU is largely determined both at the EU level and at the national level in each member state.

Regulation of cryptocurrencies in the EU

In 2026, crypto-assets falling within its scope are regulated by Regulation (EU) 2023/1114 on markets in crypto-assets (MiCA). Its rules for asset-referenced tokens and e-money tokens have applied since 30 June 2024, and its remaining main provisions since 30 December 2024. Supervision is primarily conducted by national competent authorities, with responsibilities also assigned to ESMA and the EBA. All national transitional periods for existing crypto-asset service providers ended by 1 July 2026. A former national registration alone no longer permits the provision of services requiring MiCA authorisation. The initiative aims to increase transparency, prevent money laundering and protect consumers.

Taxation of cryptocurrency

Taxation of cryptocurrency income in the EU varies depending on the national legislation of each country. In most cases, income from cryptocurrency trading is subject to income tax or capital gains tax. Tax rates can vary widely, and some countries offer favourable conditions for long-term investments. For example, in Germany, the sale of cryptocurrency after a year of holding is exempt from capital gains tax.

Acceptance of cryptocurrency as payment

In many EU countries, businesses are allowed to accept cryptocurrencies as payment for goods and services. This acceptance is supported by the development of regulatory frameworks and the increasing number of payment platforms that support cryptocurrency transactions. However, to prevent money laundering and terrorist financing, businesses accepting cryptoassets must comply with KYC (know your customer) and AML (anti-money laundering) requirements.

Taxation of cryptocurrency mining
Cryptocurrency mining in the EU may also be subject to taxation, depending on whether it is treated as a professional activity or a hobby. If mining is categorised as a business activity, income from mining is subject to income tax. In addition, mining operations may be subject to VAT depending on how they are categorised by the tax authorities in a particular country.

The European Union continues to develop and refine its approach to cryptocurrency regulation in an effort to create a balanced environment that fosters innovation and investor protection. The diversity of tax systems and regulatory frameworks in different EU member states makes it important for cryptocurrency market participants to keep abreast of local laws and regulations and further in this article lawyers and tax advisors from Regulated United Europe OÜ would like to provide information on the regulation and use of cryptocurrency in European countries.

Table of European Union countries by population (in millions of people) as of
2024

This table provides an overview of the demographic distribution in the EU countries, reflecting the large differences in population size between the members of the union.

The pie chart below shows the distribution of population by European Union country in 2023. As can be seen from the chart, Germany has the largest percentage of the population, followed by France, Italy, Spain and Poland. This reflects the large differences in population size between EU countries, emphasising the demographic diversity in the region.

Cryptocurrency in Estonia

Estonia is one of the leading countries in cryptocurrency regulation, offering a clear legal framework for digital asset transactions. Cryptocurrency regulation in Estonia is based on the
Prevention of Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing Act (AML/CFT)
, which was updated in 2020 to include virtual asset service providers (VASPs) under its scope. This means that cryptocurrency-related businesses are subject to the same AML/CFT regulations as financial institutions.

Regulation and licensing

Crypto-asset service providers established in Estonia must obtain authorisation from Finantsinspektsioon under MiCA, unless they qualify for the notification procedure available to certain regulated financial institutions. Providers authorised in another EU Member State may operate in Estonia under MiCA passporting rules. From 1 July 2026, an Estonian FIU virtual currency licence alone is no longer sufficient to provide regulated crypto-asset services. This requirement implies the need to appoint a compliance officer, take risk-based measures, and conduct KYC (know your customer) and customer due diligence procedures.

Taxation

In 2026, the standard personal income tax rate in Estonia is 22%. Under ordinary taxation rules, taxable gains may arise when cryptocurrency is sold for fiat currency, exchanged for another cryptocurrency, or used to purchase goods or services. Qualifying crypto-asset investments may instead benefit from tax deferral through the investment account system where its statutory requirements are satisfied.

Acceptance of cryptocurrency as payment

In Estonia, businesses are allowed to accept cryptocurrencies as payment for goods and services. This reflects the country’s positive attitude towards digital assets and the desire to integrate them into everyday economic activities.

Cryptocurrency mining

With respect to cryptocurrency mining, tax regulation may be less direct, as it depends on whether the activity is categorised by the tax authorities as a hobby or a commercial operation. In the latter case, income from mining may be subject to taxation. It is also important to note that the use of electricity for mining is subject to the standard taxes and fees imposed on electricity consumption.

Estonia continues to be an example of a country actively integrating cryptocurrency into its economy by providing a clear regulatory framework and supporting innovation in this area.

Cryptocurrency in Lithuania

In Lithuania, cryptocurrencies are regulated based on specific laws and regulations that make the country one of the first in Europe with a well-defined regulatory approach to digital assets. Crypto-assets and crypto-asset services falling within its scope are regulated directly by MiCA, supplemented by Lithuanian implementing legislation. The Bank of Lithuania is responsible for authorising and supervising Lithuanian crypto-asset service providers. Cryptocurrencies are not legal tender in Lithuania, but this does not create a general prohibition on accepting them as payment. Businesses may agree to receive cryptocurrency for goods or services, subject to applicable tax, accounting and sector-specific requirements. Transaction values must be determined in euros for tax and accounting purposes.

Regulation of cryptocurrencies in Lithuania

• Cryptocurrency licensing: Lithuania, as a jurisdiction of the European Economic Area, supports cryptocurrencies and has a large number of registered electronic monetary institutions (EMIs) operating within its borders. Providing regulated crypto-asset services in Lithuania requires MiCA authorisation or another entitlement expressly permitted by MiCA, including EU passporting or the notification procedure for eligible financial institutions. Registration under the former national virtual currency regime is not sufficient. Providers must meet applicable governance, prudential, safeguarding and AML requirements. MiCA permits prudential safeguards through own funds, qualifying insurance, or a combination of both; insurance is not universally mandatory.

Taxation

On the issue of taxation of cryptocurrency income, it is important to understand that in Lithuania, as in most countries, cryptocurrencies are not recognised as legal tender and, therefore, any transactions with them must be accounted for under the existing tax system. This means that income from cryptocurrency trading is likely to be subject to income tax for companies or personal income tax for private investors. Specific tax rates and requirements may vary and consultation with a tax professional in Lithuania is recommended to accurately understand your tax obligations.

Accepting payment in cryptocurrency

Cryptocurrencies are not legal tender in Lithuania, but this does not create a general prohibition on accepting them as payment. Businesses may agree to receive cryptocurrency for goods or services, subject to applicable tax, accounting and sector-specific requirements. Transaction values must be determined in euros for tax and accounting purposes.

Taxation of mining

As regards cryptocurrency mining, there is no direct regulation or taxation of mining in Lithuania. However, given that income derived from mining may be treated as business income, it may be subject to taxation under general income taxation rules. For specific information on the taxation of mining in Lithuania, it is advisable to consult a tax advisor.

Conclusions

The regulation of cryptocurrencies in Lithuania reflects the country’s commitment to supporting innovation in financial technology while ensuring compliance with anti-money laundering and anti-terrorist financing legislation. Licensing, taxation and requirements for cryptocurrency transactions are aimed at creating a transparent and safe market for all participants.

Cryptocurrency in Latvia

In Latvia, as in many other countries, cryptocurrencies are gradually entering everyday economic practice, necessitating adaptation of existing legislative and tax frameworks. The Latvian government and regulators are focusing on developing approaches to regulating cryptocurrencies, seeking to strike a balance between fostering innovation and protecting the interests of investors and consumers.

Regulation of cryptocurrencies

In Latvia, cryptocurrencies are regulated by several authorities, depending on the nature of the activity. The Latvijas Banka is responsible for financial market supervision and for authorising and supervising crypto-asset service providers under MiCA. The
Financial and Capital Market Commission (FKTK)
was integrated into Latvijas Banka on 1 January 2023. At the same time, matters relating to taxation and anti-money laundering are the responsibility of the State Tax Service and the Anti-Money Laundering Service, respectively.

Taxation of cryptocurrencies

In terms of taxation, Latvia follows the general principle that income from cryptocurrency transactions is taxable. For individuals, this means that profits from the sale of cryptocurrencies are subject to income tax. The tax rate is determined by the current tax legislation and is subject to change, so it is recommended to consult tax advisors or official sources for up-to-date information.

For legal entities, profits from cryptocurrency transactions are also subject to corporate income tax. It is important to bear in mind that all transactions must be properly documented for tax accounting purposes.

Accepting payment in cryptocurrency

In Latvia, businesses can accept cryptocurrency payments, but they must ensure that all transactions comply with anti-money laundering and anti-terrorist financing requirements. This implies the need to verify the identity of customers and track transactions. In addition, companies should be prepared to convert cryptocurrency payments into euros or other currencies for tax accounting purposes.

Taxation of mining

Cryptocurrency mining in Latvia is also considered as an economic activity subject to taxation. If mining is carried out for commercial purposes, income from mining is taxed in accordance with the applicable rates. Importantly, expenses related to mining, such as the cost of electricity and depreciation of equipment, may be taken into account when calculating the tax base.

In conclusion, the use of cryptocurrency in Latvia is developing within the framework of gradual regulation and adaptation of the tax system. It is important to follow changes in legislation and tax policy to ensure that cryptocurrency activities comply with the applicable requirements.

Cryptocurrency in Austria

In Austria, cryptocurrencies are not only recognised as an innovative financial instrument, but also as a sector that requires clear regulation to ensure investor protection and market transparency. Cryptocurrency regulation in Austria aims to create a favourable environment for the development of blockchain technology, while paying attention to security and compliance aspects.

Regulation of cryptocurrencies

The main regulatory body responsible for overseeing the cryptocurrency market in Austria is the
Austrian Financial Market Authority (FMA)
. The FMA monitors compliance with financial laws and regulations, including anti-money laundering and counter-terrorist financing in the cryptocurrency sector. Companies offering services related to cryptocurrencies must obtain a license from the FMA and follow the established rules.

Taxation of cryptocurrencies

Austria is one of the countries in which cryptocurrency transactions and income from them are subject to taxation. For individuals, gains on cryptocurrencies acquired after 28 February 2021 generally fall within Austria’s special investment income regime and are taxed at 27.5%, rather than at a rate determined by total income. Different rules may apply to older holdings and business activities. Where Austrian withholding tax fully settles the liability, a separate declaration of that income is generally unnecessary.

For legal entities, income from trading or investing in cryptocurrencies is also subject to corporate income tax. It is important to note that businesses are required to keep detailed records of all cryptocurrency transactions for tax reporting purposes.

Accepting payment in cryptocurrency

In Austria, businesses are allowed to accept payment for goods and services in cryptocurrency. This must be done in compliance with all necessary regulatory requirements, including customer identification and reporting to prevent money laundering. Companies accepting cryptocurrencies must also take into account changes in exchange rate value when converting to fiat money for tax purposes.

Taxation of cryptocurrency mining

Cryptocurrency mining is considered an economic activity in Austria and may therefore be subject to taxation. If mining is carried out on a commercial basis, the income from mining must be declared and taxed in accordance with the applicable income tax rates. Costs associated with mining, including electricity and equipment costs, may be taken into account in calculating taxable profits.

In conclusion, the regulation and use of cryptocurrencies in Austria reflects the country’s commitment to foster innovation in the financial sector, while ensuring investor protection and legal compliance. Austria provides clear guidelines for businesses and individual users of cryptocurrencies, regulating their activities in accordance with the principles of transparency and security.

Cryptocurrency in Belgium

Cryptocurrencies continue to attract attention in Belgium, both as a means of investment and as a means of payment, but the regulation and taxation of cryptocurrencies remain important aspects for users and businesses to consider. The country has established certain rules and regulations regarding the use of cryptocurrencies, the taxation of income from them, and their acceptance as payment.

Regulation of cryptocurrencies

In Belgium, the
Belgian Securities and Financial Markets Authority (FSMA)
is responsible for regulating financial markets, including cryptocurrencies. The FSMA monitors compliance with financial services and anti-money laundering legislation, including cryptocurrency transactions. At the same time, Belgium does not have specific legislation fully regulating cryptocurrencies and they are not recognised as legal tender.

Taxation of cryptocurrencies

The taxation of cryptocurrencies in Belgium is regulated by the Federal Tax Service (FPS Finance). From 1 January 2026, realised gains on crypto-assets within the normal management of private assets generally fall under Belgium’s 10% capital gains tax, subject to the applicable annual exemption and transitional valuation rules. Speculative transactions outside normal private asset management may instead be taxed as miscellaneous income at 33%, plus applicable municipal surcharges. Professional trading remains subject to progressive income tax. If, however, cryptocurrency trading is carried out on a professional basis, income from it may be subject to personal income tax at progressive rates of up to 50%, depending on the total income.

Accepting payment in cryptocurrency

Belgian companies may accept payment for goods and services in cryptocurrency. However, such transactions must be properly documented and the proceeds received must be converted into euros for tax purposes. Businesses must also ensure that their activities comply with anti-money laundering and anti-terrorist financing requirements.

Taxation of cryptocurrency mining

Cryptocurrency mining in Belgium may be subject to taxation if it is regarded as a professional activity. In such a case, income from mining is taxed at personal income tax rates. Expenses related to mining, such as electricity costs and depreciation of equipment, can be deducted from taxable income.

Conclusion

The use of cryptocurrencies in Belgium comes with certain tax and regulatory obligations for both individual investors and businesses. Properly understanding and complying with these requirements is key to avoiding potential tax and legal issues. With the growing popularity of cryptocurrencies, it is important to keep abreast of changes in legislation and regulatory practices to stay within the law.

 
Table of cryptocurrency use in European Union (EU) countries

Cryptocurrency in Bulgaria

In Bulgaria, as in many other countries, cryptocurrencies continue to attract the attention of investors, entrepreneurs and ordinary users. The legal status of cryptocurrencies, their regulation, taxation, as well as the possibility of using them as a means of payment are key aspects that need to be considered to understand the cryptocurrency environment in the country.

Regulation of cryptocurrencies in Bulgaria

Cryptocurrencies are not recognised as legal tender in Bulgaria, but they fall under the general definition of financial assets. Cryptocurrencies, including their exchange, storage and trading, are regulated on the basis of pan-European anti-money laundering and anti-terrorist financing regulations and directives. The Financial Supervision Commission is Bulgaria’s competent authority for authorising and supervising crypto-asset service providers under MiCA and the national Markets in Crypto-Assets Act. Specific responsibilities concerning e-money tokens fall within the remit of the Bulgarian National Bank.

Taxation of cryptocurrencies

The issue of taxation of cryptocurrency income in Bulgaria is regulated by the national tax legislation. Income from cryptocurrency transactions for individuals is subject to personal income tax at the standard rate of 10%. This includes income from cryptocurrency trading, investments and mining. For proper taxation, individual investors must self-declare their cryptocurrency income in a tax return.

Accepting payment in cryptocurrency

In Bulgaria, businesses may accept cryptocurrency payments, subject to applicable requirements. Transactions must be documented and valued in euros for current tax and accounting purposes. Bulgaria adopted the euro on 1 January 2026. Valuing a transaction in euros does not itself require selling the cryptocurrency received. Businesses accepting cryptocurrencies must also consider accounting and reporting regulations and comply with anti-money laundering requirements.

Taxation of cryptocurrency mining

Cryptocurrency mining in Bulgaria is also subject to taxation. Income from mining is subject to personal income tax at the rate of 10% if the activity is not classified as commercial or professional. If mining is a business activity, the income may be subject to corporate income tax at the rate of 10%.

Conclusion

The use of cryptocurrencies in Bulgaria is covered by both financial and tax regulation, emphasising the need to comply with relevant rules and regulations. The government and regulators aim to ensure transparency and security of cryptocurrency transactions, while promoting innovation and development of the digital economy. It is important for market participants to closely monitor and adapt to changes in legislation to avoid legal and tax risks.

Cryptocurrency in Croatia

In Croatia, as elsewhere in the world, cryptocurrencies are becoming increasingly popular among investors, consumers and businesses. This interest entails questions about regulation, taxation and the acceptability of cryptocurrencies as a means of payment. Cryptocurrencies are not recognised as legal tender in Croatia, but they are under the scrutiny of various regulatory and tax authorities.

Regulation of cryptocurrencies in Croatia

Cryptocurrencies are regulated in Croatia on the basis of general financial regulations and European Union laws on anti-money laundering and combating the financing of terrorism. The Croatian Financial Services Supervisory Agency (Hanfa) authorises and supervises Croatian crypto-asset service providers under MiCA. From 1 July 2026, providers cannot rely solely on their former virtual asset service provider registration to continue offering services requiring MiCA authorisation.

Taxation of cryptocurrencies

As of the latest available data, income from cryptocurrency transactions is taxable in Croatia. Individuals who receive income from trading cryptocurrencies are liable to pay income tax. The tax rate depends on the amount of income and may vary. In addition, profits from cryptocurrencies for legal entities are subject to corporate income tax.

Accepting payment in cryptocurrency

In Croatia, businesses can accept payment in cryptocurrencies, but such transactions must be properly documented and the income from them taxed in accordance with national legislation. Companies must determine the euro value of cryptocurrency income for tax and accounting purposes. Croatia adopted the euro on 1 January 2023. Accounting valuation in euros does not itself require converting the cryptocurrency into fiat currency.

Taxation of cryptocurrency mining

Income from cryptocurrency mining in Croatia is also subject to taxation. Persons engaged in mining as a sole proprietorship must account for the profits generated in their tax returns. Depending on the volume and nature of the activity, mining income may be subject to both income tax for individuals and corporate tax for companies.

Conclusion

The use of cryptocurrencies in Croatia implies the need to comply with regulatory and tax requirements. MiCA and Croatia’s national implementing legislation regulate crypto-assets and crypto-asset services within their scope, alongside applicable tax and AML rules. The Croatian authorities continue to monitor developments in the cryptocurrency market, which may lead to new rules and regulations in the future.

Cryptocurrency in Cyprus

Cyprus is one of Europe’s leading centres for fintech and cryptocurrencies, providing unique opportunities for investors and companies in digital assets. Let’s take a look at the key aspects of cryptocurrencies in Cyprus, including regulation, taxation, accepting payments and mining.

Regulation of cryptocurrencies in Cyprus

In Cyprus, the regulation of cryptocurrencies is under the jurisdiction of the
Cyprus Securities and Exchange Commission (CySEC)
, which follows pan-European standards and directives. CySEC is actively working to establish clear rules for cryptocurrency companies, including exchanges, wallets and ICO platforms, with a particular focus on investor protection and the prevention of money laundering.

Taxation of cryptocurrencies

From 1 January 2026, profits from the disposal of crypto-assets are generally subject to a special 8% income tax under Article 20E of the Cyprus Income Tax Law, applicable to individuals and companies within its scope. Disposals include sales, exchanges and the use of crypto-assets as payment. The special regime does not apply to gains on crypto-assets acquired through mining, which remain subject to the relevant ordinary tax rules.

Accepting payment in cryptocurrency

In Cyprus, companies can freely accept payment for goods and services in cryptocurrency. This is becoming an increasingly popular practice among businesses in various sectors due to the fast and transparent transaction process. However, businesses are advised to keep a close eye on fluctuations in cryptocurrency exchange rates to minimise financial risks.

Taxation of cryptocurrency mining

Income from cryptocurrency mining in Cyprus is also taxable. For individuals, income from mining should be included in the annual tax return as additional income. For companies engaged in cryptocurrency mining, income from this activity is subject to income tax at standard rates.

Conclusion

Cyprus has created a favourable environment for the development of the cryptocurrency market. The country continues to develop its regulatory and tax framework to provide a safe and stable environment for cryptocurrency investors and companies. In doing so, Cyprus aims to become one of the leaders in blockchain technology and crypto-innovation in Europe and globally.

Cryptocurrency in Czech Republic

With its relatively liberal approach to regulation and taxation, the Czech Republic stands out as an attractive jurisdiction for cryptocurrency activity, and obtaining a
Crypto license in the Czech Republic
can significantly enhance the credibility and growth potential of a crypto-related business.. The approach to regulation, taxation, and the use of cryptocurrencies for commercial purposes in this country is characterised by a desire to create a favourable environment for the development of the digital economy while providing the necessary legal clarity and consumer protection.

Regulation of cryptocurrencies in the Czech Republic

In the Czech Republic, the
Czech National Bank (ČNB)
is the main body responsible for regulating the financial sector, including activities related to cryptocurrencies. Crypto-assets and crypto-asset services within its scope are directly regulated by MiCA. The Czech National Bank authorises and supervises Czech crypto-asset service providers. Since the transitional period ended on 1 July 2026, a former Czech trade licence alone no longer permits the provision of services requiring MiCA authorisation.

Taxation of cryptocurrencies

For Czech tax-resident individuals, taxable cryptocurrency gains are generally subject to personal income tax at 15%, with 23% applying to the portion of the relevant tax base exceeding the statutory threshold. Eligible disposals may be exempt where annual gross proceeds do not exceed CZK 100,000 or the statutory holding period of more than three years is satisfied. These exemptions are subject to exclusions and conditions, including restrictions concerning business assets. The annual CZK 40 million limit remains relevant to the holding-period exemption for crypto-assets in 2026. Companies generally pay corporate income tax at 21%.

Accepting payment in cryptocurrency

In the Czech Republic, companies can freely accept cryptocurrency payments for goods and services. This opens the door for innovative payment solutions and allows businesses to attract new customers. However, it is important to remember that all transactions must be properly documented for tax accounting purposes.

Taxation of cryptocurrency mining

Income from cryptocurrency mining in the Czech Republic is also subject to taxation. If mining is carried out by an individual as a hobby, the income may be considered as additional income and subject to income tax. For mining carried out as part of a business activity, the income is included in the total income of the company and is subject to income tax.

Conclusion

The Czech Republic is an attractive jurisdiction for cryptocurrency activity due to its relatively liberal approach to regulation and taxation. However, as with any other country, it is important to thoroughly research local legislation and, if necessary, consult with qualified professionals to ensure compliance with all requirements and optimise tax liabilities.

Cryptocurrency in Denmark

In Denmark, cryptocurrencies occupy a special niche in the national economy, reflecting the country’s desire for innovation and technological progress, while maintaining high standards of regulation and security. Danish legislation and tax policy on cryptocurrencies aims to ensure transparency and prevent financial crime, while creating a favourable environment for the development of the cryptocurrency market.

Regulation of cryptocurrencies in Denmark

The main regulator responsible for supervising the financial services market in Denmark, including cryptocurrency-related activities, is the
Danish Financial Supervision Authority (Finanstilsynet)
. This body monitors compliance with financial legislation, including anti-money laundering and terrorist financing laws applicable to cryptocurrency transactions.

Cryptocurrencies are not considered official currencies or financial instruments in Denmark, but transactions involving them are subject to regulation in certain contexts, especially when it comes to the provision of payment services or investment products.

Taxation of cryptocurrencies

Income from cryptocurrency transactions is taxable in Denmark. Danish tax law requires individuals and legal entities to declare income from cryptocurrency trading, as well as from other transactions such as mining or staking.

For individuals, gains from cryptocurrency acquired for speculative purposes are generally taxed as personal income. Losses are subject to separate deduction rules and cannot generally be offset against gains as a single net amount in personal income. The tax treatment of specific products and non-speculative acquisitions may differ. Legal entities should include income from cryptocurrency transactions in their overall tax base and subject it to corporate tax.

Accepting payment in cryptocurrency

In Denmark, businesses can accept payment in cryptocurrencies for goods and services. This increases the flexibility of payment systems and attracts new customers who prefer to use digital currencies. It is important to note that businesses must ensure that their cryptocurrency transactions are compliant with anti-money laundering and anti-terrorist financing requirements, and that all transactions are properly documented for tax purposes.

Taxation of cryptocurrency mining

Income from cryptocurrency mining is also taxable in Denmark. If cryptocurrency mining activities are carried out for commercial purposes, the income from such activities must be included in the organisation’s total income and taxed accordingly. For individuals, income from mining can be classified as additional income and taxed according to the personal tax rate.

In conclusion, Denmark is an example of a country that seeks to balance the innovative potential of cryptocurrencies with the need for financial stability and investor protection. The regulatory environment and taxation system in Denmark aims to create a transparent and fair environment for all market participants, while emphasising the importance of tax compliance and regulatory requirements.

Cryptocurrency in Finland

Finland, known for its innovative approach to technology and progressive economic policies, is also taking a proactive stance on the regulation and use of cryptocurrencies. The country aims to create a favourable environment for the development of cryptocurrency technologies, while ensuring consumer protection and market transparency.

Regulation of cryptocurrencies in Finland

In Finland, the
Finnish Financial Supervisory Authority (FIN-FSA)
regulates cryptocurrency-related activities. This authority is responsible for supervising financial services markets, including cryptocurrency transactions. An important aspect of regulation is the licensing of cryptocurrency exchange service providers as well as companies offering storage of cryptocurrency wallets. This is aimed at combating money laundering and terrorist financing, as well as protecting consumer rights.

Taxation of cryptocurrencies

The Finnish Tax Administration (Vero Skatt) clearly defines how income from cryptocurrency transactions must be declared. For individuals, gains from cryptocurrency disposals are generally taxable as capital income, at 30% on taxable capital income up to EUR 30,000 and 34% on the excess. Proof-of-work mining rewards are generally taxed as earned income when received. Individuals need to include cryptocurrency income in their tax return, where it is taxed on a progressive scale. For corporate entities, cryptocurrency income is included in total income and is subject to corporate tax.

Accepting payment in cryptocurrency

In Finland, businesses can accept payment in cryptocurrencies for goods and services. This gives entrepreneurs the opportunity to attract new audiences and increase their competitiveness in the market. However, it is important to keep in mind that when accepting payment in cryptocurrency, it is necessary to ensure compliance with tax laws as well as anti-money laundering regulations.

Taxation of cryptocurrency mining

Income from cryptocurrency mining is also taxable in Finland. For an individual conducting non-business proof-of-work mining, the euro value of mining rewards is generally taxable as earned income when received. A subsequent disposal of the mined cryptocurrency may separately generate a capital gain or loss. If a commercial cryptocurrency mining activity is organised, the income from this activity is included in the total income of the company and is subject to corporate tax.

Finland continues to evolve its approach to cryptocurrency regulation in an effort to support innovation while protecting consumers.

Cryptocurrency in France

In France, cryptocurrencies have become an important part of the financial landscape, attracting the attention of both investors and regulators. The French government and regulators are actively working to create a regulatory framework that promotes innovation in cryptocurrencies while ensuring investor protection and anti-money laundering compliance.

Regulation of cryptocurrencies in France

The main regulator of cryptocurrencies in France is the
Autorité des marchés financiers (AMF)
. The AMF is responsible for licensing and supervising cryptocurrency companies, including cryptocurrency exchange and storage platforms. The former French regime included optional approval alongside mandatory registration requirements for certain services. Its transitional period ended on 1 July 2026. Providers must now hold the authorisation or other entitlement required by MiCA to provide regulated crypto-asset services in France; the former national registration or optional approval alone is insufficient.

Taxation of cryptocurrencies

The French tax system requires individuals to declare income from trading and investing in cryptocurrencies. In 2026, taxable gains from disposals of digital assets within private asset management are generally subject to a combined flat rate of 31.4%, comprising 12.8% income tax and 18.6% social contributions. An election for the progressive income tax scale is available. An exemption applies where total annual disposal proceeds, excluding qualifying tax-deferred exchanges, do not exceed EUR 305.

Accepting payment in cryptocurrency

French businesses can accept payment for goods and services in cryptocurrency. This is an opportunity to expand the market and attract new customers interested in using digital currencies. However, companies must consider accounting and taxation requirements and ensure compliance with anti-money laundering regulations.

Taxation of cryptocurrency mining

Cryptocurrency mining activities are also taxable in France. For individuals, cryptocurrency mining income is generally taxable as non-commercial profits (bénéfices non commerciaux, BNC). It does not fall under the flat-rate regime applicable to gains from managing a private portfolio of digital assets. However, if cryptocurrency mining is carried out as part of a business, the income from mining is taxed as business income, depending on the form of organisation and the amount of income.

France continues to develop its approach to the regulation and taxation of cryptocurrencies, seeking to provide a favourable environment for growth and innovation in the sector, while maintaining a high level of investor protection and integration with international financial transparency standards.

Cryptocurrency in Germany

In Germany, cryptocurrencies and related technologies have attracted significant attention in terms of both investment and regulation. The country is committed to supporting innovation in the financial sector while ensuring consumer protection and market transparency.

Regulation of cryptocurrencies in Germany

In Germany, the
Federal Financial Supervisory Authority (BaFin)
regulates cryptocurrency-related activities. BaFin classifies cryptocurrencies as “units of account” and thus as financial instruments. This means that cryptocurrency transactions and the provision of related services fall under financial regulation and require a license from BaFin.

Taxation of cryptocurrencies

The basis for the taxation of cryptocurrency gains in Germany is the principle that gains from the sale of cryptocurrency are subject to capital gains tax if less than a year has passed between the purchase and sale. In this case, the tax rate is determined by the investor’s individual tax rate. However, if the cryptocurrency has been held for more than a year, the profit from its sale is exempt from tax.

Accepting payment in cryptocurrency

In Germany, businesses can legally accept payment for goods and services in cryptocurrency. This is taxed in the same way as any other form of payment, and companies need to account for the value of the cryptocurrency in euros at the time of the transaction for tax and accounting purposes.

Taxation of cryptocurrency mining

Income from cryptocurrency mining is also taxable in Germany. If mining is carried out on an individual basis, the income can be classified as “hobby income” and taxed according to the person’s total income. If mining is a commercial activity, the income is taxed as business income and is subject to the relevant tax rates and obligations.

Germany continues to evolve its approach to regulating and taxing cryptocurrencies in an effort to support innovation while ensuring consumer protection and financial system stability. This makes Germany one of the leading centres for blockchain and cryptocurrency development in Europe.

Cryptocurrency in Greece

In Greece, interest in cryptocurrencies is constantly growing, as in many other countries around the world. This has necessitated the development and implementation of a regulatory and tax framework to govern cryptocurrency transactions. In this article, we look at how Greece is approaching the regulation of cryptocurrencies, the taxation of cryptocurrency income, the possibility of accepting payment in cryptocurrencies and the taxation of mining.

Regulation of cryptocurrencies in Greece

Cryptocurrencies are regulated in Greece by the
Hellenic Capital Market Commission
, which oversees financial markets and investment activities. The country is still in the process of developing more specific legislation aimed at cryptocurrencies. Nevertheless, Greece aims to comply with pan-European cryptocurrency and blockchain regulations and directives to ensure investor protection and market transparency.

Taxation of cryptocurrencies

The taxation of cryptocurrencies in Greece is regulated on a national level and gains from cryptocurrency transactions are subject to taxation. If cryptocurrency assets are held during the year and sold at a profit, this profit is taxed as capital gains. The tax rate depends on an individual’s total income and can vary. It is important to note that all cryptocurrency transactions must be properly documented for tax purposes.

Accepting payment in cryptocurrency

In Greece, businesses can legally accept cryptocurrencies as payment for goods and services. However, this requires companies to keep records of transactions in euros at the time of payment in order to correctly recognise income and taxes. Accepting payment in cryptocurrencies implies the need to comply with tax laws and possible tax liabilities depending on the value of the cryptocurrency at the time of the transaction.

Taxation of cryptocurrency mining

Income from cryptocurrency mining in Greece is also subject to taxation. This is considered as income from self-employed activities and the relevant tax rates are applied depending on the total income derived from mining. Miners need to keep accurate records of their income and expenses related to their mining activities in order to calculate taxes correctly.

In conclusion, while the regulatory and tax environment for cryptocurrencies in Greece continues to evolve, the country is taking steps to establish a clear and fair framework for cryptocurrency users and businesses. This includes regulating cryptocurrency transactions to ensure investor protection, as well as establishing tax rules to ensure fair taxation of income from such transactions.

Cryptocurrency in Hungary

Hungary, like many other countries, is actively exploring the potential of cryptocurrencies and blockchain technologies. The country is focusing on the regulation of cryptocurrencies, taxation of cryptocurrency proceeds, and exploring their use for commercial and personal purposes. In this article, we take a look at how Hungary approaches the regulation and taxation of cryptocurrencies, as well as what opportunities and restrictions exist for their use.

Regulation of cryptocurrencies in Hungary

In Hungary, the regulation of cryptocurrencies is in a developing stage. The
National Bank of Hungary (MNB)
and other regulators are closely monitoring the cryptocurrency market and are working to develop a legal framework that protects investors and users and prevents the use of cryptocurrencies for illegal purposes. However, specific regulations are subject to change, so it is important to keep up with the latest news and official announcements from regulators.

Taxation of cryptocurrencies

Income derived from cryptocurrency transactions is subject to taxation in Hungary. This includes profits from the sale of cryptocurrencies, gains from mining and other types of income derived from the use of cryptocurrency assets. The tax rate may vary depending on the type of income and the total amount of taxable income, so it is important to consult a tax advisor to correctly calculate your tax liability.

Accepting payment in cryptocurrency

In Hungary, businesses can accept cryptocurrencies as a form of payment for goods and services. This provides businesses with new opportunities to expand their market and attract customers interested in using digital currencies. However, businesses need to consider the tax liabilities associated with accepting and converting cryptocurrencies and keep an eye on relevant regulatory requirements.

Taxation of cryptocurrency mining

Income from cryptocurrency mining in Hungary is also subject to taxation. Mining is considered an economic activity and, accordingly, income from it must be declared. Tax rates and liabilities may depend on the amount of income earned and other factors such as the status of the miner (sole proprietor or legal entity). It is important to keep accurate records of income and expenses related to mining activities in order to correctly calculate taxes.

In conclusion, Hungary continues to develop and adapt its legislation to regulate the cryptocurrency market while ensuring fair taxation and protection of market participants. It is important for companies and individual users to stay up-to-date with the latest legislative and tax policy developments to ensure compliance and optimise tax liabilities.

Cryptocurrency in Ireland

Ireland, with its progressive approach to technological development and innovation, is actively exploring the opportunities and challenges associated with cryptocurrencies. The country is developing a unique environment for the use and regulation of digital currencies that seeks to balance the potential for innovation with the need to protect consumers and prevent financial crime.

Regulation of cryptocurrencies in Ireland

The
Central Bank of Ireland
plays a key role in regulating financial services in the country, including oversight of cryptocurrency transactions. Although cryptocurrencies are not recognised as legal tender in Ireland, regulation aims to ensure transparency of transactions and investor protection. An important step was the introduction of anti-money laundering (AML) and counter-terrorist financing (CFT) requirements for cryptocurrency exchange platforms and wallets.

Taxation of cryptocurrencies

In Ireland, an individual’s gains from disposing of cryptocurrency held as an investment generally fall under Capital Gains Tax, normally at 33%, subject to applicable reliefs and exemptions. Income from a cryptocurrency trading business or mining may instead fall under Income Tax. Companies must apply the relevant corporate tax rules according to the nature of their income and gains.

Accepting payment in cryptocurrency

In Ireland, companies and entrepreneurs can accept cryptocurrencies as payment for goods and services. This offers additional business opportunities, but also requires an understanding of tax obligations and regulatory requirements. When accepting payment in cryptocurrency, it is important to consider potential exchange rate fluctuations and their impact on taxation.

Taxation of cryptocurrency mining

Cryptocurrency mining activities are also considered taxable in Ireland. Income derived from mining is taxed depending on the amount of income and the status of the person mining (individual or company). It is important to keep accurate records of income and expenses related to mining activities in order to correctly calculate tax liabilities.

Conclusion

Ireland continues to evolve its approach to the regulation and use of cryptocurrencies in an effort to create a favourable environment for innovation while protecting the rights of consumers and investors. It is critical for cryptocurrency market participants to keep abreast of the latest legislative and tax policy developments to ensure compliance and optimise their tax liabilities.

Cryptocurrency in Italy

Italy, with its rich history and culture, is also not immune to innovation in digital technology, including cryptocurrencies. The country seeks to strike a balance between supporting innovation and ensuring the financial security of its citizens.

Regulation of cryptocurrencies in Italy

In Italy, cryptocurrencies are regulated by several authorities, including the Italian
Securities Market Authority (CONSOB)
and the
Bank of Italy
. These bodies ensure that cryptocurrency companies comply with local financial regulations and standards, including anti-money laundering and anti-terrorist financing rules.

Taxation of cryptocurrencies

In Italy, income from cryptocurrency transactions is taxable. If cryptocurrency is used as an investment, any gains from its sale are subject to capital gains tax. Depending on the total income, the tax rate may vary. For individuals who conduct cryptocurrency trading activities, profits from such activities must be included in their annual tax return as part of their total income.

Accepting payment in cryptocurrency

Italian businesses can accept cryptocurrencies as payment for goods and services. This paves the way for innovation in payment methods and attracting new customers. However, it is important for businesses to consider the tax liabilities resulting from the acceptance of cryptocurrencies and to be able to correctly convert cryptocurrency transactions into euros for tax accounting purposes.

Taxation of cryptocurrency mining

Cryptocurrency mining in Italy is also subject to taxation. The income derived from mining is considered taxable and must be declared. The amount of tax depends on the value of the cryptocurrency at the time of its receipt and the total income of the person engaged in mining. As with cryptocurrency trading, it is important to keep accurate records of all transactions to determine tax liability.

Conclusion

Italy continues to develop its regulatory framework for cryptocurrencies, endeavouring to provide a safe space for investors and users, as well as enabling growth and innovation in this area. It is important for cryptocurrency market participants in Italy to keep abreast of the latest legislative and tax policy developments in order to effectively manage their tax obligations and avoid potential legal risks.

Cryptocurrency in Luxembourg

As one of Europe’s leading financial centres, Luxembourg is actively adapting its legal system to the fast-growing world of digital assets, including cryptocurrencies. The country seeks to create a favourable environment for innovation and development of blockchain technologies, while ensuring investor protection and compliance with international standards.

Regulation of cryptocurrencies in Luxembourg

In Luxembourg, cryptocurrencies and cryptocurrency transactions are regulated by the
Commission de Surveillance du Secteur Financier (CSSF)
, which is responsible for licensing and supervising financial services, including cryptocurrency-related services. The CSSF ensures that cryptocurrency companies comply with anti-money laundering (AML) and countering the financing of terrorism (CFT) regulations and ensure that consumer rights are adequately protected.

Taxation of cryptocurrencies

In Luxembourg, gains from cryptocurrency transactions are taxable. If a cryptocurrency is held as an investment and sold at a profit, that profit may be subject to capital gains tax. It is important to note that tax rates and conditions may vary depending on specific circumstances, including the length of time the asset is held and the total amount of profit.

Accepting payment in cryptocurrency

Businesses in Luxembourg can accept payment in cryptocurrencies for goods and services. This allows businesses to expand their markets and attract new customers. However, businesses need to consider the tax liabilities arising from cryptocurrency transactions and ensure that cryptocurrency transactions are properly recorded and converted to euros for tax purposes.

Taxation of cryptocurrency mining

Income from cryptocurrency mining in Luxembourg may also be subject to taxation. This depends on the scale of the activity and whether mining is regarded as a professional activity. If cryptocurrency mining is a professional activity, income from such activities may be subject to corporate income tax. For individuals engaged in mining on a small scale, the rules may be different.

Conclusion

Luxembourg approaches the issue of cryptocurrency regulation with the aim of ensuring the stability and security of the financial market, while promoting innovation and the development of new technologies. It is important for market participants to keep abreast of the latest legislative and tax policy developments in order to effectively manage their tax liabilities and avoid legal risks.

Cryptocurrency in Malta

Malta, known for its favourable approach to financial technology innovation, is considered one of the leading centres for the development and use of cryptocurrency. The Maltese government is actively working to create a suitable regulatory and legislative climate for cryptocurrencies and blockchain projects. In this direction, several key laws have been passed that set the rules of the game for market participants.

Regulation of cryptocurrency in Malta

Cryptocurrency activity in Malta is regulated by three main laws enacted in 2018: the
Digital Innovation Act (MDIA)
, the Virtual Financial Assets Act (VFA) and the Innovative Technology Services Act (ITAS). These laws aim to regulate ICOs, crypto exchanges, cryptocurrency service providers and other blockchain businesses.

The authority responsible for regulating and overseeing compliance with these laws is the Malta Digital Innovation Authority (MDIA) and the
Malta Financial Services Authority (MFSA)
, which is responsible for regulating virtual financial assets and their providers.

Taxation of cryptocurrency

The taxation of cryptocurrency income in Malta is governed on the basis of the existing tax rules applicable to traditional financial transactions. If an individual receives income in the form of cryptocurrency from mining, trading or as payment for services, such income is taxable at the standard rate of income tax. The same tax rates apply for companies engaged in cryptocurrency transactions as for other legal entities.

Accepting cryptocurrency as payment

In Malta, companies are free to accept cryptocurrency as payment for goods and services, subject to the regulatory requirements set out in the VFA legislation. This paves the way for the widespread use of cryptocurrencies for commercial purposes.

Taxation of cryptocurrency mining

Income from cryptocurrency mining in Malta is also taxable. Miners must account for the rewards received as income and pay taxes in accordance with the applicable rates. However, it is worth noting that costs associated with cryptocurrency mining, such as electricity and depreciation of equipment, can be taken into account when calculating the tax base.

Conclusion

Malta has established itself as one of the most progressive jurisdictions for cryptocurrencies and blockchain technology, offering a clear regulatory framework and a favourable environment for the development of this area. However, despite the attractive environment, market participants should carefully scrutinise local laws and regulations to ensure full compliance with regulatory requirements.

Cryptocurrency in Netherlands

The Netherlands is renowned for its innovative approaches to financial technology, including cryptocurrencies. The country has a liberal economic policy and seeks to create a favourable environment for the development of the cryptocurrency sector, while protecting consumer rights and preventing financial crime.

Cryptocurrency regulation in the Netherlands

In the Netherlands, cryptocurrencies are regulated by several bodies, but the key role is played by the
Netherlands Bank (De Nederlandsche Bank, DNB)
and the
Autoriteit Financiële Markten (AFM)
. These bodies monitor the activities of cryptoasset companies, ensuring compliance with anti-money laundering and financial supervision rules. The former DNB registration regime no longer provides a sufficient basis for offering regulated crypto-asset services. Providers require MiCA authorisation or an eligible notification, granted through the AFM or another EU competent authority, with the necessary cross-border permissions. The Dutch transitional period ended on 30 June 2025.

Taxation of cryptocurrency

Cryptocurrency held as a private investment generally falls within Box 3 in the Netherlands. In 2026, the Box 3 tax rate is 36% of the calculated taxable return, rather than of the cryptocurrency’s total value. Taxpayers may report their actual return where the applicable rules produce a more favourable result than the deemed-return calculation. Cryptocurrency received as salary or through business activities may instead fall within Box 1.

Accepting cryptocurrency as payment

In the Netherlands, businesses are free to accept cryptocurrencies as payment for goods and services. This is a relatively common practice among technology-oriented companies and startups. Despite this, cryptocurrency transactions are not exempt from tax liability and companies must account for the value of goods or services in euros for tax purposes.

Taxation of cryptocurrency mining

Cryptocurrency mining is theoretically taxable in the Netherlands, as income derived from mining may be considered business income or income from another source, as the case may be. If mining is a hobby, the income may not be taxable. However, if it is for commercial purposes, income tax and VAT must be paid, depending on the volume and nature of the activity.

Conclusion

The Netherlands is an attractive jurisdiction for cryptocurrency businesses due to its open economy and progressive approach to regulating financial innovation. However, companies and investors should carefully consider the legal and tax aspects of doing business with cryptocurrencies in the country to ensure full compliance with local laws and regulations.

Cryptocurrency in Poland

Poland, a country with a rich history and developed economy, is also actively exploring and integrating cryptocurrencies and blockchain technology into its financial system. Below is an overview of the main aspects of cryptocurrency use in Poland, including regulation, taxation, payment acceptance and mining opportunities.

Regulation of cryptocurrency in Poland

In Poland, regulation of cryptocurrencies is the responsibility of several government bodies, including the
Polish Financial Supervisory Authority (Komisja Nadzoru Finansowego, KNF)
and the
National Bank of Poland (Narodowy Bank Polski, NBP)
. These authorities issue recommendations and warnings for cryptocurrency investors and users, but the specific regulatory framework is still under development and discussion. The authorities aim to create an environment for the development of innovative technologies while protecting investors and combating money laundering and terrorist financing.

Taxation of cryptocurrency

In 2019, Poland introduced clear tax rules for cryptocurrency transactions. Income from cryptocurrency trading is taxable as income from capital assets. The tax rate is 19% of the profit. It is also important to note that all transactions related to cryptocurrencies must be documented so that the taxpayer can correctly calculate the tax base.

Accepting cryptocurrency as payment

In Poland, businesses can accept cryptocurrencies as payment for goods and services. This is becoming an increasingly popular practice among small and medium-sized businesses looking to attract new customers interested in innovative payment methods. However, companies should note that income received in cryptocurrency is subject to taxation and should be converted into PLN for tax purposes at the exchange rate on the day of the transaction.

Taxation of cryptocurrency mining

For individuals mining virtual currency on their own account, taxation generally arises on its subsequent taxable disposal rather than merely on its creation. Income from disposing of virtual currency generally falls under the separate 19% regime reported in PIT-38, including where the individual also conducts a business, subject to statutory exceptions. Under the Polish tax authority’s published guidance, mining equipment and electricity expenses are not deductible costs in this virtual-currency disposal regime.

Conclusion

Poland is an interesting example of a country that is actively exploring the potential of cryptocurrencies and blockchain technology, seeking to strike a balance between innovation and financial stability. Although the regulatory environment is still evolving, Poland has already offered clear tax guidelines for cryptocurrency market participants, creating a predictable legal framework for investors and companies.

Cryptocurrency in Portugal

Portugal, located in the south-west of Europe, is attracting attention as one of the most cryptocurrency-friendly countries. The country offers an attractive environment for investing in and using cryptocurrencies, thanks to its progressive approach to regulating and taxing digital currencies.

Cryptocurrency regulation in Portugal

In Portugal, the
Bank of Portugal (Banco de Portugal)
and the
Portuguese Securities and Market Commission (Comissão do Mercado de Valores Mobiliários, CMVM)
regulate the financial sector, including cryptocurrencies. These bodies provide oversight of cryptocurrency-related activities, including the prevention of money laundering and terrorist financing. At the same time, Portugal has not adopted specific legislation fully regulating cryptocurrencies, which creates a relatively free environment for their use and trading.

Taxation of cryptocurrency

Portugal does not provide a blanket income tax exemption for cryptocurrency transactions. Gains from qualifying non-business disposals of crypto-assets that are not securities fall within the personal income tax rules. An exemption may apply to eligible assets held for at least 365 days, subject to statutory conditions, including jurisdiction-related requirements. Shorter holding periods and business activities require separate tax treatment.

Accepting cryptocurrency as payment

In Portugal, companies can accept cryptocurrencies as payment for goods and services. This has attracted many innovative startups and entrepreneurs to the country who want to use new technologies to attract customers. However, businesses accepting cryptocurrencies must consider the need to convert these funds into euros for accounting and tax purposes.

Taxation of cryptocurrency mining

Portuguese personal income tax legislation expressly classifies crypto-asset issuance activities, including mining, as commercial activities within Category B. Individuals cannot treat mining income as automatically tax-exempt merely because they operate without a company. Taxable income must be determined under the applicable Category B regime.

Conclusion

Portugal represents one of the most attractive jurisdictions for using and investing in cryptocurrencies, thanks to its friendly tax policies and relatively free regulation. Individuals and businesses using cryptocurrency in Portugal must comply with the applicable tax rules. Any exemption for private investment gains depends on satisfying the statutory conditions and does not extend automatically to trading businesses, mining or commercial receipts. At the same time, it’s important to note that the regulatory environment is subject to change, so you should stay on top of the latest news and legislative updates.

Cryptocurrency in Romania

Romania, a country located at the crossroads of Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe, is beginning to take a prominent place on the cryptocurrency map of the world. The regulation of cryptocurrencies in Romania takes place within the framework of European legislation, as well as national rules and regulations that are being developed to adapt to the rapidly developing crypto market.

Regulation of cryptocurrency in Romania

Cryptocurrencies in Romania are regulated by several authorities. The National Bank of Romania (BNR) monitors financial stability and has certain powers to supervise the cryptocurrency market in terms of preventing money laundering and terrorist financing. In addition, the
National Agency for the Administration of Fiscal Assets (ANAF)
is responsible for the taxation of cryptocurrency revenues.

Taxation of cryptocurrency

In Romania, income from cryptocurrency transactions is subject to taxation. For gains from transfers of virtual currency obtained from 1 January 2026, the Romanian personal income tax rate is 16%, subject to the applicable statutory exemptions. Health insurance contributions may also arise depending on the individual’s relevant income and the statutory thresholds. This means that investors have to calculate their own income from cryptocurrencies and pay the corresponding tax.

Accepting cryptocurrency as payment

In Romania, companies and entrepreneurs can accept cryptocurrencies as payment for goods and services. However, such transactions require clear accounting and reporting in accordance with national tax rules. Businesses accepting cryptocurrency must convert it into lei or other currency at the exchange rate on the date of the transaction for tax purposes.

Taxation of cryptocurrency mining

Income from cryptocurrency mining in Romania is also taxable. If mining is a self-employed activity, the income may be taxed as self-employment income, with mandatory social security and health care contributions. For business entities engaged in mining as a main activity, standard corporate tax rates and rules apply.

Conclusion

Romania offers a fairly clear and transparent regulatory and tax regime for cryptocurrency transactions. Although the industry is still evolving and may be subject to legislative changes, the country is committed to creating a favourable environment for the growth and development of the cryptocurrency sector. However, it is important for cryptoinvestors and cryptocurrency companies to closely monitor changes in legislation and tax policy to ensure their operations are compliant with regulatory requirements.

Cryptocurrency in Slovakia

Slovakia, being located in the centre of Europe and being a member of the European Union, has its own peculiarities in the regulation and use of cryptocurrencies. There is a growing interest in digital currencies among both investors and entrepreneurs in the country, which stimulates the development of relevant regulatory and tax legislation.

Regulation of cryptocurrency in Slovakia

The main regulator responsible for supervising the financial market in Slovakia, including the cryptocurrency sector, is the
National Bank of Slovakia (NBS)
. Crypto-assets and crypto-asset services within its scope are directly regulated by MiCA. The National Bank of Slovakia authorises and supervises Slovak crypto-asset service providers. Providers must hold the required MiCA authorisation or qualify for another permitted route, such as EU passporting or notification by an eligible financial institution.

Taxation of cryptocurrency

As of recently, income from cryptocurrency transactions in Slovakia is subject to taxation. Personal income tax applies to profits derived from cryptocurrency trading. In 2026, non-business cryptocurrency disposal income included in the relevant general personal income tax base is subject to progressive rates of 19%, 25%, 30% and 35%, according to the statutory tax-base bands.

In 2026, Slovak corporate income tax rates depend on taxable revenues: 10% where these do not exceed EUR 100,000, 21% above EUR 100,000 and up to EUR 5 million, and 24% above EUR 5 million. The applicable rate is charged on the taxable profit, rather than on revenue itself. It is important to note that correct taxation requires keeping accurate records of all cryptocurrency transactions and their results.

Accepting cryptocurrency as payment

In Slovakia, companies may accept cryptocurrencies as payment for goods and services. This must be correctly recognised in the accounting records and the conversion of cryptocurrency into euros or other currencies for tax purposes must be at the exchange rate on the date of the transaction.

Taxation of cryptocurrency mining

Income from cryptocurrency mining in Slovakia is also subject to taxation. If mining is a sole proprietorship, the income may be subject to personal income tax. For larger operations organised in the form of a legal entity, mining income is subject to corporate income tax.

Conclusion

Cryptocurrencies are becoming increasingly popular in Slovakia, and the government is keen to develop appropriate regulation and tax policies to ensure the safety and transparency of their use. It is important to note that cryptocurrency legislation is subject to change, so market participants should stay abreast of the latest news and regulatory updates.

Cryptocurrency in Slovenia

Slovenia is one of the European countries with a strong interest in cryptocurrencies and blockchain technology. The government and regulators aim to create a favourable environment for the development of the crypto industry, while ensuring investor protection and tax compliance.

Regulation of cryptocurrency in Slovenia

In Slovenia, cryptocurrencies are regulated by several government bodies, depending on the scope of cryptocurrencies. The main regulatory body, the
Bank of Slovenia
, oversees financial stability and the integration of cryptocurrencies into the country’s financial system. In addition, the Directorate for Financial Intelligence (Financial Directorate) is responsible for taxation and tax compliance in the field of cryptocurrencies.

Taxation of cryptocurrency

Under the Slovenian personal income tax rules applicable to ordinary virtual currencies, an individual’s disposal gains are generally not subject to income tax where the activity does not constitute a business and the assets are not treated as securities, investment fund units or derivatives. This treatment does not depend on a general one-year holding-period exemption. Business trading income remains taxable. The proposed separate 25% crypto-asset gains tax must not be described as enacted legislation.

Legal entities are obliged to pay corporate tax on profits from their activities, including cryptocurrency transactions. The applicable corporate income tax rate in Slovenia is 22% for the 2024–2028 tax years, including 2026.

Accepting cryptocurrency as payment

In Slovenia, companies may accept cryptocurrencies as payment for goods and services. Such transactions must be correctly recorded in the accounting records and the resulting income is taxable in accordance with the applicable rates.

Taxation of cryptocurrency mining

Income from cryptocurrency mining in Slovenia is also subject to taxation. For individuals, income from cryptocurrency mining may be treated as additional income and taxed at the rates established for personal income tax. Legal entities should include income from mining in their overall tax base and pay corporate income tax.

Conclusion

Slovenia is committed to supporting the development of cryptocurrencies and blockchain by offering a clear regulatory framework and reasonable taxation. Despite the relatively favourable climate for the crypto industry, market participants should be careful to comply with legislation, especially in terms of taxation and anti-money laundering measures.

Cryptocurrency in Spain

In recent years, Spain has taken an active role in integrating cryptocurrencies into its economic system, while regulating their use to ensure transparency and secure transactions. Let’s take a look at the key aspects of cryptocurrency use in Spain, including regulation, taxation and business opportunities.

Regulation of cryptocurrencies in Spain

Cryptocurrencies are regulated in Spain by several government bodies, but the main oversight and regulation lies with the
National Securities Market Commission (CNMV)
and the
Bank of Spain
. These organisations have issued joint warnings on the risks associated with investing in cryptocurrencies and point out the need to comply with anti-money laundering and anti-terrorist financing legislation.

Taxation of cryptocurrency

For individuals resident in Spain under the common tax regime, cryptocurrency disposal gains generally enter the savings tax base. In 2026, the combined progressive rates are 19%, 21%, 23%, 27% and 30%, with the highest rate applying to the portion exceeding EUR 300,000. Mining income is subject to separate classification and must not automatically be taxed under the savings-income scale. It is important to note that cryptocurrency owners are required to declare their assets in a tax return if the total value exceeds a certain threshold.

Payment in cryptocurrency

In Spain, businesses and individuals are allowed to accept payment for goods and services in cryptocurrency. However, such transactions must be registered and accounted for in accordance with applicable tax requirements. Accepting cryptocurrency as a means of payment requires companies to comply with regulatory requirements, including customer identification and reporting.

Taxation of cryptocurrency mining

Income from cryptocurrency mining in Spain is also subject to taxation. Miners must account for the cryptocurrency received as income when it is received, based on market value. Taxes are then calculated based on the total income of the miner. It is important to note that electricity and equipment costs can be taken into account when calculating the tax base.

Conclusion

Spain continues to evolve its approach to the regulation and taxation of cryptocurrencies, seeking to strike a balance between innovation and investor protection. It is important for businesses and investors to closely monitor changes in legislation to ensure their operations are compliant with regulatory requirements and avoid potential tax implications.

Cryptocurrency in Sweden

Sweden is one of the leading countries in the use and integration of cryptocurrency into the economy. The country is known for its innovative approach to digital finance and is actively exploring the possibilities of cryptocurrencies and blockchain technology. In this article, let’s look at how cryptocurrency is regulated in Sweden, the taxation of cryptocurrency income, the ability to accept payment in cryptocurrency and the taxation of mining.

Regulation of cryptocurrency in Sweden

Cryptocurrency is regulated in Sweden by the
Swedish Financial Supervisory Authority (Finansinspektionen)
. This authority is responsible for supervising and regulating the country’s financial market, including activities related to cryptocurrencies. Swedish law requires all companies dealing with cryptocurrencies to comply with anti-money laundering and anti-terrorist financing regulations.

Taxation of cryptocurrency

In Sweden, income from trading cryptocurrencies is taxed as capital gains. This means that any profit derived from the sale of cryptocurrency must be declared and is taxed at the rate applicable to capital gains. For individuals, the tax rate is 30 per cent.

Payment in cryptocurrency

In Sweden, companies and entrepreneurs can accept payment for goods and services in cryptocurrency. These transactions are considered reportable and must be correctly recognised in the accounting records. The value of goods or services sold for cryptocurrency must be converted into Swedish kronor at the exchange rate on the date of the transaction for tax purposes.

Taxation of cryptocurrency mining

Income from cryptocurrency mining is also taxable in Sweden. For individuals, cryptocurrency mining is normally treated as a hobby and taxed within the Swedish income category for services or employment income. It is treated as business income only where the activity satisfies the criteria for a business. Mining rewards are valued in Swedish kronor when received, and a later disposal may separately generate a taxable capital gain or loss. This includes taking into account all costs associated with mining, such as electricity and depreciation of equipment, which can reduce taxable income.

Conclusion

Sweden continues to be at the forefront of the use and regulation of cryptocurrencies. The country offers a clear regulatory framework for cryptocurrency-related activities while ensuring compliance with tax obligations. It is important for companies and individual entrepreneurs to keep up to date with the latest legislative developments to ensure their activities are tax and regulatory compliant.