Crypto regulation in Gibraltar
One example is Gibraltar, which introduced rules with the aim of attracting blockchain and crypto companies. In this respect, the approach of Gibraltar was called “progressive”, due to which the country became the preferred jurisdiction for many cryptocurrency companies.
DLT Regulatory Framework
The next step was the establishment of special legislation by Gibraltar, known as the DLT Regulation System, which came into effect on 1 January 2018 and applies to DLT firms, that is, “which is, is not subject to any regulations or other legal framework, which uses distributed register (DLT) technology to transfer or store valuables belonging to other persons.”
Activities that will fall under the licenses by DLT include crypto-exchanges, cryptocurrency purse and asset storage service providers, cryptocurrency purse providers, and all DLT-based trading platforms which enable the exchange of goods and services. Enterprises and activities covered by other regulatory frameworks shall remain subject to regulation in an unchanged manner. Accordingly, distributors, cryptocurrency exchanges, and depositors must also obtain official authorization and a license as DLT providers under the Gibraltar Financial Services Commission (GFSC).
Gibraltar cryptocurrency regulation
DLT REQUIREMENTS
The approach of Gibraltar Regulator to the DLT requires that the DLT suppliers follow nine principles which are designed to ensure that desired regulatory outcomes are achieved and include investor protection. The following nine basic requirements must be met by Gibraltar Regulatory Authority:
| Requirement | Details |
|---|---|
| Capability of Applicant | The HFC must ensure that the applicant and associated persons can carry out relevant DLT activities, focusing on integrity, skills, competence, diligence, experience, and financial status. |
| Client Communication | Pay attention to client interests, communicating honestly and clearly without mutual consent. DLT providers should minimize risks associated with DLT and apply best operational practices. |
| Resource Assurance | Ensure sufficient financial and non-financial resources are controlled and adequate for commercial purposes. |
| Due Care in Business | Conduct business with due care, implementing proper risk management practices for both the business and its customers. |
| Client Asset Safeguarding | If handling clients’ money and assets, DLT providers must have arrangements to safeguard these assets, keeping them separate from their own. |
| Corporate Governance | Implement strict corporate governance procedures, including appropriate board structure to ensure a balance of skills and experience.
Apply the four-eyes principle, ensuring separation of functions, cross-checking, double signatures, and dual control of assets. Follow Gibraltar’s common sense and regulatory instructions. |
| Access Systems | Ensure that access systems and protocols are of high quality to guarantee safety. |
| Financial Crime Prevention | DLT providers must establish measures to prevent, detect, and disclose financial crime risks, including money laundering and financing of terrorism. They must report suspicious transactions as applicable. |
| Sustainability and Contingency Planning | DLT providers should develop contingency plans for the orderly and solvent liquidation of their business. |
These requirements and conditions will be equally applied to the licensing of cryptocurrency exchanges, trading exclusively in virtual assets. The advantage is that there are no restrictions on the provision of services only to professional investors.
Gibraltar ranks third in terms of cryptocurrency hedge fund managers, after the US and the UK, and Hong Kong fourth. It is also the fourth most popular home for crypto hedge funds. One of the positive features was the creation of the Gibraltar New Technologies Association (GANT), which united Gibraltar’s leading law firms, accountants, and technology companies. GANT has a task not only to speed up the development of blockchain and DLT but also to raise the prestige of «new technologies».
Crypto regulation in Gibgaltar overview
| Period for consideration |
6 months | Annual fee for supervision | from €11,800 |
| State fee for application |
from 11,800 EUR | Local staff member | At least 2 |
| Required share capital | 24,000 EUR | Physical office | Required |
| Corporate income tax | 12.5% | Accounting audit | Required |
POD/FT regulation
In 2018, the Proceeds of Crime Act 2015 of Gibraltar was amended to bring businesses receiving an income from any kind of sale of tokenised digital assets, either on its own account or on behalf of another person, within the ambit of obligations under POC/FT. Licensed DLT providers are also required to comply with the Proceeds of Crime Act and relevant instructions issued by the Gibraltar Financial Services Commission.
The EU’s Fifth Anti-Money Laundering Directive (5AMLD) applies to Gibraltar and has been transposed to Gibraltar’s laws under the provisions of the Proceeds of Crime Act 2015 (Amendment) 2020. 5AMLD has brought service providers who exchange between virtual currencies and fiat currencies, and custodial purse providers, into AML / CTF Regulation. In 2017, however, Gibraltar had already regulated that activity. Under Gibraltar’s laws, any person that uses DLT for the purpose of storing or transmitting property belonging to another person already falls within the scope of the Fourth Anti-Money Laundering Directive. Gibraltar did not implement the 5AMLD provisions concerning the regulation of cryptocurrency service providers and cryptocurrency wallet providers because those would probably already fall under an obligation as DLT providers under the GPO and FT.
ICO regulation
Yet, DLT rules do not currently regulate ICOs, although they may be caught by existing securities rules. In March 2018, Gibraltar issued proposals to regulate the ICO. The proposed rules would deal with the promotion and sale of crypto tokens, secondary market platforms, and token-related investment services and would regulate some cryptography-related activities, carried out in or outside Gibraltar. The proposed regime would also apply to virtual assets beyond DLT and beyond Gibraltar’s financial services and securities legislation.
It is worth noticing that GFSC underlined that they do not want and cannot see for themselves as a regulator the ability to prescribe what looks «good» when selling tokens. The GFSC would rather allow the market of authorized sponsors to offer different options on how well the ICO looks.
There are no individual management plans in Hong Kong. Instead, the regulators have adopted a pragmatic approach, whereby the SFC grants the status of ICO regulation on the opinion whether it has the features of traditional protection on a case-by-case basis. Should tokens be regarded as «securities», any dealing in or advising on tokens should be licensed or registered with the SFC. This, of course, is clearly inconsistent with the regulatory position in mainland China, but it is far from as progressive and proactive as the efforts in Gibraltar, where Hong Kong is the centre of regulatory approaches.
Activities to be regulated under the proposals-if carried out in or from Gibraltar-include:
- Promotion, sale and distribution of tokens;
- Secondary market trading platforms;
- Provision of symbolic investments and related services.
The proposals will also introduce a requirement for the «authorized sponsor» of all publicly offered ICOs and regulate the behavior and impose obligations on authorized sponsors, secondary market token operators.
Offers, on the other hand, will not regulate issuer or promoter markers, nor the underlying technology. Instead, the regulation will be made by requiring authorized sponsors, crypto exchanges, and service providers to adhere to the new rules.
The governance regime proposed would, therefore, try to curb the risks that arose from those activities by full and accurate disclosure for symbolic crowdfunding and principles that promote orderly and appropriate behavior in the case of the secondary platform market, and competency requirements for providers of investment services. The regulator appropriate for the POD/FT would be the HCFC, and firms that come within the ambit of the new marker rules would be subject to the provisions of the DLT rules.
Promotion, sale and distribution of tokens
First, the proposed rules would regulate promotion in the primary market: Sale and distribution of tokens that are not securities – already subject to existing securities legislation, as in the case, for example, of Hong Kong direct gifts or donations using the rules; covers activities
- Which suggest or indicate that they are made of Gibraltar;
- Designed to attract the attention or access of any person in Gibraltar;
- Performed through foreign affiliates of organisations established in Gibraltar; the Gibraltar entity shall be liable in those cases; or
- Performed by foreign agents and trustees acting in any agency or fiduciary capacity on behalf of organisations established in Gibraltar or on behalf of natural persons habitually resident in Gibraltar; the person liable in such a case shall be the person in Gibraltar.
Under the proposals, these tokens are collectively labeled as services or access tokens, which provide access to a good or service typically of a consumer nature – tradable or otherwise, which at the time of issue may or may not be in existence. Tokens that have the character of a decentralized virtual currency only – like Bitcoin – or a digital currency only, issued by the central bank, will fall outside this part of the regime. But hybrid tokens, those having a basic economic function of both being a virtual currency and something else, would fall under the net.
In the absence of further details, proposed legislation or guide, current proposals offer scant guidance as to which tokens will fall within the ambit of the new legislation and existing securities laws that would remain unregulated. The regulation of ICO proposals would therefore need to involve in any event analysis of the nature of the rights attaching to the markers and of their intended use. The European concept, which is perhaps closest to the US concept of a security, is that of a unit in a collective investment scheme. At present, there is no indication of how this concept applies to the ICOs. It is not evident, however, from Gibraltar’s proposals whether they will regulate all «service tokens» without considering whether they are capable of being traded on the secondary market.
Disclosure rules
The proposed regulations for the promotion, sales and distribution of tokens will necessitate proper, accurate and balanced disclosure so as to ensure that anyone with intent to invest in tokens at the primary market level is able to make an informed decision. The Rules may stipulate that, at the very least, disclosure is suitable and in what format, for instance, in a key factual document of no more than 2 pages. IDPs of Gibraltar may from time to time issue guidance on disclosure requirements.
Regulation of financial crimes
Businesses that receive any form of token income into their own account or from another person have been brought within the ambit of POCA Amendment, which took effect in March 2018. Therefore it is already mandatory for the issuer to conduct AML and CTF checks on the purchaser of tokens.
Authorized sponsors
The proposed rules will bring into being a regime for the authorisation and oversight of symbolic sponsors – authorised sponsors – who will be responsible for compliance with this part of the rules. For each public offer of tokens advertised, sold or distributed in Gibraltar or from Gibraltar, an authorised sponsor should be appointed. As such, authorised sponsors may be appointed propagandists of Gibraltar or propagandists of the proposal, wherever they may be.
The accredited sponsors would have the expertise of the ICO and intelligence and administrative knowledge of Gibraltar. Outsourcing some of its tasks to other parties, including offshore shipments, would be possible, but it would be directly responsible to GFCs for its delegate’s actions.
Rulebook
The authorized sponsors under the regime proposed would be required to have one or more sets of rules relating to the proposals they sponsor. Authorized sponsors are well-placed to determine best practice in relation to the proposals they sponsor, and may apply different codes to different types of tokens and offers. Codes of practice could address matters such as the application and distribution of sale proceeds.
The Codes of Practice should be integrated into the agreements between licensed sponsors and their customers from the ICO. Codes of practice will be part of applying for a licence as a sponsor. There is also a provision for a no-fee preliminary report to outline changes to codes of practice; these will be treated the same as other material variations in business.
It is submitted that these rules outline the principles to be applied in the content of the rules. Competent sponsors shall be entitled, subject to approval, to draw up their own procedures for the implementation of the principles.
Registers, codes of practice, sponsors’ clients and tokens of authorized sponsors
GFSC shall maintain and keep a public register of competent sponsors and their conduct of business rules (former and current).
The GFSC will publish on the public register the following details regarding public offers of a licensed sponsor of public proposals in which they are involved:
- the client(s) for whom they are acting;
- tokens that form part of the offer;
- The code of practice to which the proposal is subject;
- Any interest which they and their associates have in the tokens offered.
New controlled activity and offence
A new regulated activity by an authorized sponsor is being proposed, and marketing, A sale or distribution of tokens in or from Gibraltar without complying with the following shall constitute an offence:
- Requirement for an authorized sponsor;
- Requirement for a current record in the public registry;
- Certain disclosure obligations;
- Relevant POCA provisions, where applicable.
After registration, the promotion, sale, and distribution of the public offering of tokens shall be allowed only for such period as the offer is in the registry.
Secondary market activity
Proposals have been made for the regulation of secondary market platforms operating in or outside Gibraltar, on which token trading takes place, and, to the extent that these are not already covered by other regulations, their derivatives. The rules will look to ensure that the markets function fairly, transparently and effectively and that organized trading occurs only on regulated platforms.
The proposed rules will outline requirements on:
- Public disclosure of trade activity;
- GFSC transaction disclosure;
- Specific supervision of tokens and token derivatives positions.
These regulations will extend to the secondary market for trading all tokenized digital assets, including virtual currencies, and will – wherever possible – model the market platform in conformity with MiFID 2 and the Financial Instruments Markets and Amendment Regulations (MiFIR).
Authorized secondary token markets
Proposals would extend the new controlled activities to operating a secondary market platform for the trading of tokens and their derivatives. The GFSC will authorize and supervise the operators of the secondary token market, and maintain a register which is available to the public of such operators.
Token investments and support services
The Bill would provide for new regulated activities in respect of investment arrangements and ancillary services concerning tokens in or from Gibraltar and, where not already covered elsewhere, their derivatives.
This section of the regulations is targeted to give guidance on investments in tokens, virtual currencies and digital currencies including:
- General advice is a fair and balanced presentation of facts relating to investments and services in tokens.
- Product recommendation; a selective and subjective presentation of the advantages and disadvantages of a certain investment or service in tokens.
- While in personal recommendations, regard is taken from the investor’s particular needs and situation.
Our highly qualified and reliable lawyers will be glad to provide you with individual support in registering with the Virtual Currency Registry and in obtaining a crypto license in Gibraltar. We closely follow the local regulations and are therefore well-prepared to effectively guide our customers at every stage of the registration process.
ESTABLISH A CRYPTO COMPANY IN GIBRALTAR
If it’s maturing crypto jurisdictions that can afford a robust regulatory framework, look at Gibraltar-a British Overseas Territory, which had been one of the first countries to recognize and regulate cryptocurrencies. The Government continues improving the national legislation so the industry benefits from this regulatory clarity, in addition to continuing with much-needed confidence among investors and customers.
The companies of Gibraltar are governed by the Companies Act 2014, which came in line with EU directives when Gibraltar was a member of the EU and is also subject to frequent amendments with regard to the latest international standards. The registration of the companies of Gibraltar is regulated by the Companies Act 1984.
There are numerous advantages to the jurisdiction of Gibraltar, including:
- No tax is levied on income sourced outside of Gibraltar, nor on capital gains, dividends, sales, gifts, and wealth. And VAT also forms no part of the country’s taxation system.
- Stable yet open to innovation
- Excellent established business infrastructure along with topnotch public services
- The right exists in nominee directors
- Company Incorporation process is easy
- Operating costs are competitive
- Highly qualified and productive workforce
Advantages
Cryptocurrency regulation at national level from 2018
All cryptocurrency transactions are regulated by EU law
Flexible and beneficial taxation system
Credit opportunities for crypto start-ups
TYPES OF BUSINESS ENTITIES
In order to operate a fully licensed crypto business in Gibraltar, you need to incorporate either a Private Limited Liability Company – LTD – or a Public Limited Company – PLC. There are no residency requirements for founders, shareholders, and directors, even though the licensing authority expects the senior management to live in Gibraltar.
The main difference between public and private companies is that shares of public companies are issued via IPO and thus traded on public exchanges, whereas shares of private companies are not offered for public placement.
The Companies Act 2014 contains the following definitions and rules concerning the level of personal responsibility of owners of companies:
- A company is a limited liability company if the liability of its members is limited by its charter and this limitation may be limited by shares or a guarantee
- If the liability of the members of a company is limited to the amount, if any, of the shares owned by them, the company is limited to the shares
- The company is of guarantee type when every single member pledges to pay the amount included in the constituent documents in the case of liquidation or in the case of business winding-up
- A limited warranty company can have equity as well
Documents required for Company Registration in Gibraltar:
- Articles of association
- Memorandum of Association
- Detailed business plan containing business model, objectives, marketing plan, financial forecasts, sales strategy, etc.
- Proof of identity of founders, shareholders, and directors
- Proof of address of every member of the company – bank statement or utility bill received in the last three months
- Power of attorney if the company is set up remotely
The following should be included in the memorandum of association for any company:
- Suitable company name
- Statement that the company will have a registered office in Gibraltar
- It must state that the liability of its members is limited
- Must be either a public or private company
- If the company is limited by warranty, the document should have the particulars and terms of each member’s contribution, for example, undertaking to contribute to the assets of the company in case it is to be withdrawn.
- In case the company would have share capital, there should be included in the document the amount of share capital with which the company shall be registered and also the share capital division into shares of fixed amount, as well as the names of each shareholder and the corresponding numbers of shares.
The memorandum of association should be signed in front of at least one witness, who has to attest his signature.
Private Limited Liability Company – LLC
The Private Limited Liability Company – LLC is one of the most common Gibraltar legal entities. It can be set up in a week by one or more legal or natural persons without restrictions of residence or citizenship.
The requirements for a private LLC for cryptography-related activities are as follows:
- At least one shareholder of any nationality (no residence requirements)
- At least one director subject to high reputational criteria who actually participates in the business affairs of the company (without residency requirements)
- Minimum share capital paid-in: 100 GBP, approximately 117 EUR, but finally subject to the crypto business model complexity
- Minimum of two employees in Gibraltar, including a principal employee other than the Director
- Resident secretary
- Business premises
- Work location
- Registered address in Gibraltar
The Company above shall be bound by the filing of annual accounts and when its annual turnover exceeds 500,000 GBP – approx. 586 000 EUR it shall be compelled to assign a local auditor registered with GFSC.
Public Limited Liability Company (PLC)
A JSC can be opened and is fully foreign-owned. Within two weeks, a newly established company can be opened if all the documents are in place.
Requirements of PLC that DESIRES TO OPERATE IN CRYPTOGRAPHY-RELATED ACTIVITIES:
- At least two directors – nationality and residence are not restricted
- At least seven shareholders – citizenship is not restricted
- The minimum share capital paid-in is 20,500 GBP, about 24,000 EUR, but finally determined depending upon the crypto business model complexity.
- Company secretary
- Business website
- Work platform
- Registered office in Gibraltar
Once your crypto firm is up and running, you will want to remember to keep consistent records of all your crypto business operations, which will include but not be limited to the following for a period of at least six years:
- Cryptocurrency Transactions
- Agreement of purchasing shares in the company
- Equipment, machinery, and asset bought with a purchase receipt you will be able to claim capital gain
- Sales Invoice
- Bank statement
- Book debtors and creditors
- Particulars of staff benefits
You have to appoint a local auditor for conducting a statutory audit and file audited Annual Financial Statements.
Whichever company you decide on, please note that any document which is not in the English language is required to be supplemented by a certified translation into the same. If you need a certified translator or a notary, do not hesitate to contact us and we will be more than happy to assist you.
Gibraltar
Capital |
Population |
Currency |
GDP |
| Gibraltar | 34,003 | GIP | £50,941 |
What you should do
The following steps must be taken to establish a fully licensed crypto company in Gibraltar:
- Reserving a unique company name at Companies House Gibraltar, which will provide a company name registration certificate on the same day.
- Finding an office in Gibraltar where your local staff will reside and where all legal and governmental correspondence will be delivered.
- Opening of a corporate bank account with the Gibraltar Bank.
- Pay-in of equity capital into a new bank account:
- There is a registration fee of 100 GBP, approximately 117 EUR. In addition, an extra 10 GBP, approximately 12 EUR, needs to be contributed to the share capital.
- All the above-mentioned documentation must be filed together with the application for registration of the company to Companies House Gibraltar.
- Registration with the Tax Office: both companies and employees
- Registration with the Employment Service
- Upon the registration of the company, apply for a crypto license
Before your crypto company can start its activity, it has to receive a full license from the Gibraltar authorities. The crypto license, or the license of a DLT provider – the main task of which is observance of AML/CFT rules – is issued and accordingly, the general supervision of the crypto market participants is carried out by the GFSC.
The whole process of receiving a crypto license in Gibraltar is quite well-structured, transparent, and efficient, though costly, depending on the very nature of the licensed activity, since the fees may go from €11,800 to €35,000. It takes around three months to process an application if it is correctly filled out.
The following are the steps involved in the application process:
- Preliminary participation
- Initial evaluation of the application
- Full statement and presentation
The complete list of state fees payable to the Companies House Gibraltar Company is available here.
Taxation of crypto companies in Gibraltar
In Gibraltar, there is no taxation that covers cryptocurrency. All crypto companies should adhere to the principles of taxation that are standard and, in the great majority of cases, pay general taxes, which are levied and collected by the Internal Revenue Service. The fiscal year starts on July 1 and ends on June 30.
Gibraltar crypto companies are usually liable for the following general taxes, among others:
- Corporate Tax – 12.5%
- Social Insurance – 20
- Stamp Duty – 0-3% for real estate or 10 GBP – about 12 EUR – per share
The tax regime, in its final form, would depend on the nature of the company’s economic activity and its status regarding tax residence. A company is considered a tax resident in Gibraltar if it is managed and controlled – in terms of making corporate decisions – from Gibraltar or outside Gibraltar by permanent residents in Gibraltar.
The corporate tax is regulated by the Income Tax Act 2010 and imposed on profits derived from income accrued in Gibraltar. This implies that where your revenue-generating economic activities are not carried out within Gibraltar, your crypto company shall not be liable for corporate tax.
If your crypto firm has a license in Gibraltar or a license in some other country but has been transferred in Gibraltar, then automatically its income will be considered a source in Gibraltar and imposed by corporate taxation.
By being a tax resident, you can benefit from many tax breaks and cuts that may become a serious accelerator during the first year of operation.
The different capital incentives available in Gibraltar include the following:
- A Premium of up to GBP 60,000 approximately EUR 69,600 for first year of operation of machinery and plants upon purchase or, at higher cost, 50 per cent of the cost for the period is fully deducted. For example:
- Computer equipment up to GBP 100,000 (approximately EUR 116,000) or, in case of higher costs, 50 per cent of the cost for that period is fully deducted
- Annual 25 per cent on a balance-sheet basis
Under the Social Security (Insurance) Act, Contribution Amendment Order 2021, provided your company is registered in Gibraltar, it shall be generally responsible for payment of weekly social security contributions regardless of the place of location of the employees, provided that they are registered with the Employment Service. Contributions start from 28 GBP (approx. 33 EUR) per week and may not exceed 50 GBP, approx. 58 EUR, per week.
Due to social insurance, a startup with 20 employees and a small business with up to ten employees may claim 100 GBP – approximate 116 EUR-credit for an employee in the first year. In addition, the so-called Employment Promotion Programme starting from 2021 supports startups with the possibility to subtract an additional 50 per cent on top of the fixed wages of the new employees from the date of 1st July 2021 onwards.
Any expenditures towards training workers in occupations related to the work are deductible from profit of the enterprise at 150 per cent.
There is one international agreement on the elimination of double taxation that Gibraltar has signed with the United Kingdom. Crypto companies can still take advantage of the tax exemption which applies to those that have to pay corporate tax under the 2010 Income Tax Act, but can prove to the Inland Revenue Board that they have paid or are obliged to pay income tax in another jurisdiction on the same profits.
Crypto startups in Gibraltar
Due to a combination of support and world-class infrastructure, Gibraltar is becoming an increasingly attractive location for crypto firms and pro-crypto businesses. First to be mentioned, the New Technologies in Education (NTiE) group was established by the government with the University of Gibraltar and several leading crypto firms as members. The group wants to provide blockchain-education technologies for undoubtedly driving the innovative enterprise-oriented.
Another interesting project is the GCF Innovation and Development Group that was established with the purpose of fostering and facilitating innovation through clarification of regulatory issues, advice on obtaining national approvals, and developing coherent market entry strategies for products and services from entrepreneurs.
Our quality-oriented lawyers will be glad to offer you tailored, value-added support for opening a cryptocurrency company in Gibraltar, including crypto-license application preparation and submission. From the very beginning of the incorporation process, you will receive expert support in the field of rapid development legislation on AML/CFT, establishment of companies, reporting, and tax advice. If you have any questions or would like to receive a personalized offer, please do not hesitate to contact us today.
Also, lawyers from Regulated United Europe provide crypto projects with legal support and adaptation to the MICA regulations.
“I would be glad to assist you in the Crypto Licensing procedure in Gibraltar. I am here to help you ensure compliance with Gibraltar’s regulations for your crypto-related activities, providing comprehensive support throughout the licensing process.”
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